Cada día son más los pacientes que padecen de Artrosis, ya que uno de los factores ligados a dicha enfermedad es el aumento de la edad, por lo que el incremento en la incidencia o mayor frecuencia de pacientes que la padecen pudiera estar relacionado con el aumento de la expectativa de vida y con ello el envejecimiento poblacional.
Incluso algunas literaturas no la consideran una enfermedad, sino parte del envejecimiento normal, ya que como mismo se deteriora la piel, el pelo, la visión, la audición, también lo hace por supuesto las estructuras internas, dentro de las cuales tenemos el cartílago de las articulaciones, el hueso que se encuentra por debajo de dicho cartílago (hueso subcondral), las estructuras de partes blandas (músculo, ligamentos, tejido sinovial, etc…) y hasta el líquido sinovial que se encarga de lubricar las articulaciones y disminuir las fricciones entre sus componentes.
En artículo anterior tratamos los aspectos principales de la Artrosis u Osteoartritis, como en qué consistía la enfermedad, sus causas, cuadro clínico o características clínicas más frecuentes, así como su tratamiento de manera general, donde explicamos que se dividía en tres pilares o grupos:
I. Profiláctico
II. Conservador
III. Quirúrgico
En este artículo queremos concentrarnos en el tratamiento conservador, específicamente en el que no está relacionado con los medicamentos, que cada día más exigen los pacientes e irónicamente es el que más dudas les genera y del que menos conocimientos poseen.
Aunque debemos señalar que en ninguna enfermedad que sea crónica, un solo pilar de tratamiento es suficiente para que el paciente mejore su condición y con ello su calidad de vida, solo en conjunto y ejecutados de manera correcta, disciplinada, acorde a las características de cada paciente y al estado en que se encuentre su enfermedad garantiza resultados favorables.
Debemos comenzar entonces por este tratamiento conservador, no medicamentoso, que constituye el primer escalón o peldaño de la escalera o grada que debemos escalar en el manejo de dicha enfermedad y un factor básico para lograr las expectativas del paciente.
A continuación, enumeramos y explicamos sus elementos fundamentales, siendo los tres primeros los más importantes, sobre todo en el paciente adulto mayor o anciano:
1. Educación.
El paciente tiene que ganar conocimiento de su enfermedad, saber todos los detalles posibles relacionados con la misma, aclarar todas las dudas que surgen una vez que le dan el diagnóstico y ya sabe que tienen artrosis. Esto depende en gran parte de los profesionales que lo atiendan, que le pueden brindar toda la información posible, pero a la vez motivarlo a buscar su propia información de la cual surgen dudas que son aclaradas luego por el mismo profesional, creándose una relación indispensable para la mejoría. Con esto se logra:
- El trabajo en equipo entre tratante y paciente para obtener buenos resultados.
- Mayor cooperación con la conducta a seguir al entender la importancia de cada detalle de la misma.
- Menos tasa de abandono del tratamiento indicado.
- Entendimiento de que solo los objetivos se logran cuando se cumplen todos los pilares de dicha conducta, sin
restarle importancia a ninguno. - La modificación del estilo de vida sea efectiva, consistente y definitiva.
Todo lo cual se resume, en prepararse para enfrentar su enfermedad, con conocimiento de causa de sus características, de que con un buen tratamiento y cumplimiento del mismo no tiene por qué sufrir ninguna incapacidad considerable, su evolución será lenta por el propio comportamiento de la artrosis y que todo dependerá mucho de los cambios que logre en su estilo de vida.
2. Ejercicio.
Es quizás el elemento fundamental del tratamiento conservador, siendo considerado en algunas literaturas tan efectivo como los medicamentos antiinflamatorios, en cuanto al alivio del dolor y la mejoría de la función. El reto consiste en realizarlo de la manera correcta, ya que requiere de un programa personalizado de acuerdo a las características particulares de cada paciente según edad, sexo, peso, talla, enfermedades asociadas y otros elementos, para diseñar un programa que realmente logre disminuir la rigidez, la limitación del movimiento y mejore la función de las articulaciones afectadas, pero a la vez evite lesiones y empeoramiento de los síntomas que llevan al paciente a la inactividad e incluso a la inmovilización prolongada.

Por lo que deben evitarse ejercicios de alta demando o esfuerzo (correr, saltar, escaleras o gradas), mucho menos deportes de contacto (boxeo, judo, Kárate).
Debe realizarse ejercicios de bajo impacto (caminar, bicicleta, nadar), siempre y cuando se realicen bajo las condiciones adecuadas, lo ideal es iniciar de manera frecuente, pero por corto período de tiempo, aumentando con el tiempo la duración y la frecuencia según los resultados hasta que forme parte de las actividades de cada día y se vea como parte de nuestra rutina cotidiana y no como parte de un tratamiento, ayudando no solo a la artrosis sino también a disminuir el efecto de otras enfermedades (diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial y otras) que en muchas ocasiones también padecen los pacientes al mismo tiempo.
3. Control del peso.
El exceso del peso corporal o sobrepeso es otro de los factores importantes a tener en cuenta, ya que la presencia del mismo impone un estrés considerable para las articulaciones de carga de la columna y miembros inferiores (caderas, rodillas, tobillos) y con ello favorece el desgaste de las mismas.

Por lo que los pacientes deben mantener un peso corporal adecuado para su talla, que en el caso de los que tengan un peso normal, tienes que tratar de evitar subir el mismo por encima de los valores considerados como normales.
Claro está entonces que los que tengan un peso excesivo, deben esforzarse para lograr bajar de peso, principalmente con dieta y ejercicios físicos, pero sobre todo la dieta es la medida principal ya que está demostrado que por mucha actividad física que se realice, si no se hace una dieta adecuada no se logran los resultados que se requieren.
Los pacientes deben entender que hay estudios que han demostrado que solo la disminución de un 10% de su peso corporal, reduce la intensidad del dolor a la mitad, además de que mejora la función de las articulaciones y evita la rigidez.
4. Higiene postural.
Es otro aspecto a considerar ya que las posturas inadecuadas son tan dañinas o peor que los esfuerzos o la sobrecarga física, principalmente cuando estas se mantienen durante un tiempo prolongado en el día o se asumen durante las actividades cotidianas que realizamos con más frecuencia.
También se relaciona con los muebles (sillas, sofás, camas) muy bajos o excesivamente acolchonados, los espacios físicos (escaleras en la casa con escalones muy altos, baño con barreras o tasa muy baja, ausencia de barandillas, mesa o fregadero en la cocina de poca altura que obligue a estar inclinado), en fin, todo lo que obligue al paciente a asumir posturas inadecuadas.
5. Terapia Física.
Alternativa terapéutica que se dedica a la prevención y al tratamiento de de la artrosis y otras dolencias del
sistema osteomioarticular, garantizando una evolución favorable y en muchas ocasiones la primera elección en los pacientes que no pueden tomar los medicamentos indicados en estos casos, ya sea por la edad, sus enfermedades asociadas, reacciones adversas previas, interacciones con los medicamentos que toma habitualmente u otros factores.
Está compuesta principalmente en el caso de la Artrosis por:
Medios físicos: Magnetoterapia, laserterapia, electroestimulación, ultrasonido, parafina, acupuntura, la
balneoterapia y otras terapias menos convencionales.
Terapia manual: Movilizaciones pasivas (realizadas por terapista físico), movilizaciones activas (realizadas por el
paciente), movilizaciones asistidas (realizadas por el terapeuta y el paciente) y masajes.
Ejercicios: Que ya hemos explicado en este artículo previamente, pero en este caso, supervisados directamente por el terapista físico, con el objetivo principal de evitar la rigidez articular, fortalecer los músculos adyacentes a las articulaciones afectadas, para protegerlas y no por último menos importante disminuir el dolor por la inactividad.
Vendaje funcional: Basado en cintas adhesivas que estabilizan las articulaciones, le confieren mejor resistencia y ayudan a realinear algunas estructuras como la rótula en la rodilla, que en caso de estar desplazada favorece su desgaste y empeora su estado general.
6. Dispositivos de apoyo.

El uso de una muleta o bastón del lado contrario de la articulación afectada en el caso de artrosis de cadera, rodilla y tobillo, es un método efectivo para disminuir las fuerzas y los síntomas causados por la osteoartritis (por ejemplo, si la rodilla afectada es la derecha, se debe usar
la muleta o el bastón en el lado izquierdo).
Este método es muy efectivo en las fases iniciales en pacientes que caminan con dificultad por el dolor e inflamación, ayudando a disminuir el peso sobre la región afectada, transfiriéndolo hacia el otro lado y al dispositivo de apoyo.
Sin embargo, no es totalmente aceptado por los pacientes, ya sea por no querer sentir que ya dependen de una ayuda extra, porque les da la impresión de discapacidad o hasta por mantener una imagen de salud aparente frente a sus familiares y la sociedad.
7. Ortesis.
Este método de tratamiento proporciona sensación de estabilidad al paciente, caracterizándose por el uso de un dispositivo externo (rodillera, tobillera, férulas y otras), que puede modificar o ayudar a la estructura y función de una articulación al ser colocado en la misma.
Estudios plantean después de su aplicación o uso durante 7 horas al menos 5 días a la semana, la mitad de los pacientes que las usan sienten mejoría.
El problema es que en algunos casos este método es costoso y también es rechazado por algunos pacientes, pero es una es una alternativa muy razonable para pacientes más jóvenes o para los que no quieren el tratamiento quirúrgico.
8. Calzado.
El uso de calzado adecuado es muy importante, ya que se debe recomendar cumplan con ciertas características, como pueden ser:
- Tacón mediano (aproximadamente 2 cm).
- Suela de goma que absorba el impacto (no muy flexibles, ni muy rígidas).
- Soporte para el arco plantar interno.
- Espacio suficiente para los dedos.
En algunos pacientes con deformidades de los miembros inferiores, a nivel de la articulación de la rodilla o tobillo, se indican adecuaciones o elevaciones internas o externas en el tacón o suela de acuerdo a la deformidad, que ayudan a mejorar la alineación de las articulaciones y con ellos su función, disminuyendo el desgaste y el dolor.
Como pueden ver son varias las alternativas de tratamiento conservador, que no requieren medicamentos, constituyendo el primer pilar o grupo de tratamiento y considerados por muchos como el principal, ya que se ha demostrado que, de no aplicarlas de acuerdo a cada caso, el paciente no mejora o lejos de mejorar empeora su estado de manera inevitable.
Por lo que teniendo en cuenta todo lo anterior los invitamos a leerlas con detenimiento, entenderlas y sobre todo aplicarlas para obtener los beneficios que reportan.
Una vez que lo hagan pueden dejarnos sus comentarios con sus opiniones, sus impresiones, dudas o preguntas y de desearlo también pueden contactarnos directamente a la dirección de correo o número de teléfono que pueden encontrar en nuestra página web.
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